Peasant Rights and the Struggle for Climate Justice in Indonesian Degraded Peatland
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.19184/jseahr.v9i1.50756Keywords:
Climate change, peatland, peasants, right to food, UNDROPAbstract
The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other Peoples Working in Rural Areas (UNDROP) recognizes and protects the dignity of peasants for their contributions to food production and climate change mitigation and adaptation. For Indonesia, signing UNDROP complements its international commitments to human rights and environmental protection, particularly climate change. Indonesia has ratified the Paris Agreement, where climate change mitigation in peat ecosystems is one of its agendas. At the regional level, Indonesia supports the ASEAN Human Rights Declaration and the ASEAN Transboundary Haze Agreement. The Indonesian government has established a zero-tolerance policy towards peatland burning. This policy has resulted in legal vulnerability for the peasants who have a tradition of burning peatlands for agriculture. This article examines the influence of laws and policies to control forest and land fires as a form of climate change mitigation in protecting peasants' rights to food and a better environment. In particular, it discusses community-based and participatory approaches to peatland ecosystem restoration implementation in Indonesia and how they relate to the provisions of UNDROP. The research underpinning this article used a participatory legal research method involving the authors in policy making. The authors collected data and analyzed laws and policies concerning peatland restoration and peasants' protection. The participatory observation was carried out on agricultural innovation practices and the legal empowerment of the peasants. This article concludes that although UNDROP is not used as a reference in forming peatland restoration policies, some activities have demonstrated the fulfillment of several UNDROP provisions.
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References
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Joshi, A., Schaaf, M., & Zayed, D. (2022). The Use of Legal Empowerment to Improve Access to Quality Health Services: A Scoping Review. International Journal for Equity in Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-022-01731-3
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Maziya, M., Nkonki-Mandleni, B., Mbizana, N., & Tirivanhu, P. (2024). The Perceived Impact of Climate Change on the Livelihoods of Smallholder Farmers in Kwazulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Sustainability (Switzerland) , 16(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16073013
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Novrika. (2019). Perbandingan Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Pelalawan Nomor 19.Pid.Sus.Lh/2016/Pn.Plw Dan Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2284 K/Pid.Sus.Lh/2016 Tentang Tanggung Jawab Pidana Ir. Frans Katihokang Bin Ruben Katihokang Sebagai Manager Operasional Yang Mengakibatkan Kerusakan Lingkungan Hidup. Panji Keadilan, 2(2), 264–281.
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Nunez, D. G. (2014). Peasants’ Right to Land: Addressing the Existing Implementation and Normative Gaps in International Human Rights Law. Human Rights Law Review, 14(4), 589–609. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngu027
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Pagnani, T., Gotor, E., & Caracciolo, F. (2020). Adaptive Strategies Enhance Smallholders’ Livelihood Resilience in Bihar, India. Food Security. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01110-2
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Schaaf, M., Falcão, J., E, F., Kitchell, E., Gomes, N., & Freedman, L. P. (2020). ‘We All Have the Same Right to Have Health Services’: A Case Study of Namati’s Legal Empowerment Program in Mozambique. BMC Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09190-7
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Syahza, A., Suswondo, Bakce, D., Nasrul, B., Wawan, & Irianti, M. (2020). Peatland Policy and Management Strategy to Support Sustainable Development in Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1655(1), 012151. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012151
Thakur, S. B., & Bajagain, A. (2019). Impacts of Climate Change on Livelihood and its Adaptation Needs. Journal of Agriculture and Environment, 20, 173–185. https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v20i0.25067
Thornton, P. K., Ericksen, P. J., Herrero, M., & Challinor, A. J. (2014). Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: a review. Global Change Biology, 20(11), 3313–3328. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12581
Tsumbu, J. (2024). Assessing the Economic Viability of Climate-Resilient Crop Varieties for Smallholder Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal Dimensie Management and Public Sector, 5(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.48173/jdmps.v5i1.173
Tualle, M. D., Mujetahid, A., Dassir, M., Sirimorok, N., Muhammad, A. K., Muin, A. V. F., & Prasetyo, A. D. (2023). Living through crises due to successive commodity booms and busts: Investigating the changing peasants’ farming style in rural Indonesia. Forest and Society, 7(1), 95–115. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v7i1.21545
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Zakaria, M. (2017). Penegakan Hukum Pidana terhadap Pelaku Pembakaran Hutan dan Lahan di Provinsi Riau. Universitas Islam Indonesia.
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Arbuckle, J. G., Morton, L. W., & Hobbs, J. (2015). Understanding Farmer Perspectives on Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation. Environment and Behavior, 47(2), 205–234. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916513503832
Ardiyanto, S. Y., & Hidayat, T. A. (2021). Pola Penegakan Hukum Terhadap Pelaku Pembakaran Hutan dan Lahan. PAMPAS: Journal of Criminal Law, 1(3), 79–91. https://doi.org/10.22437/pampas.v1i3.10544
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Badan Restorasi Gambut (BRG). (2020). Gambut Basah adalah Anugerah: 5 Tahun Kinerja BRG. BRG.
Clarke, D., & Rieley, J. (2019). Strategy for responsible peatland management. International Peat Society.
Cottyn, H., Vanhaute, E., & Beeckaert, E. (2022). Peasant Frontiers as a Research Strategy: Peasant Resilience and the Reproduction of Common Land Rights. Continuity and Change. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0268416022000108
Duru, J., Aro, J., & Oladipo, R. E. (2022). The effects of climate change on the livelihood of rural women: a case study of Ilorin South, Nigeria. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 46(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-022-00834-9
Dworkin, S. L., Lu, T., Grabe, S., Kwena, Z., Mwaura-Muiru, E., & Bukusi, E. A. (2013). What Community-Level Strategies Are Needed to Secure Women’s Property Rights in Western Kenya? Laying the Groundwork for a Future Structural HIV Prevention Intervention. Aids Care. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2013.845286
Edelman, M. (2012). Linking the Rights of Peasants to the Right to Food in the United Nations. Law Culture and the Humanities. https://doi.org/10.1177/1743872112456669
Edelman, M. (2013). What is a peasant? What are peasantries? A briefing paper on issues of definition. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/139355?result=1&rskey=F232n4&.
Fisher-OrtÃz, R. A., RodrÃguez-Robles, U., Aldasoro Maya, E. M., Soto-Pinto, M. L., & Chávez-GarcÃa, E. (2022). Cacao Agroforestry Systems and Resilience: Potential Factors in the Face of the Climate Change in Mexico. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems. https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.4121
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). (2019). Global report on food crises. In Food Security Information Network (Issue September). Https://Www.Wfp.Org/Publications/2020-Global-Report-Food-Crises.
Glover, D., & Jessup, T. (2016). Indonesia’s Fire and Haze: The cost of catastrophe. ISEAS/IDRC.
Hashmiu, I. (2020). Perceived Climate Resilience and Adoption of Cocoa Agroforestry in the Forest-Savannah Transition Zone of Ghana. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2020/v10i1230292
Hergoualc’h, K., Carmenta, R., Atmadja, S., Martius, C., Murdiyarso, D., & Purnomo, H. (2018). Managing peatlands in Indonesia: Challenges and opportunities for local and global communities. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). https://doi.org/10.17528/cifor/006449
Houh, E. M. S., & Kalsem, K. (2015). Theorizing Legal Participatory Action Research. Qualitative Inquiry, 21(3), 262–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800414562897
Indonesian Centre for Environmental Law (ICEL). (n.d.). ‘Tahun Kelam Kebijakan dan Penegakan Hukum Lingkungan di Indonesia’.
Jewitt, S. L., Nasir, D., Page, S. E., Rieley, J. O., & Khanal, K. (2014). Indonesia’s contested domains. Deforestation, rehabilitation and conservation-with-development in Central Kalimantan’s tropical peatlands. International Forestry Review, 16(4), 405–420. https://doi.org/10.1505/146554814813484086
Joshi, A., Schaaf, M., & Zayed, D. (2022). The Use of Legal Empowerment to Improve Access to Quality Health Services: A Scoping Review. International Journal for Equity in Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-022-01731-3
Kamakaula, Y. (2024). Sustainable Agriculture Practices: Economic, Ecological, and Social Approaches to Enhance Farmer Welfare and Environmental Sustainability Article Info ABSTRACT. In West Science Nature and Technology (Vol. 2, Issue 02).
Khakim, M. Y. N., Bama, A. A., Yustian, I., Poerwono, P., Tsuji, T., & Matsuoka, T. (2020). Peatland subsidence and vegetation cover degradation as impacts of the 2015 El niño event revealed by Sentinel-1A SAR data. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 84, 101953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2019.101953
La Via Campesina. (2024). Peasants at the frontline of the climate struggle share testimonies. Https://Viacampesina.Org/En/Peasants-at-the-Frontline-of-the-Climate-Struggle-Share-Testimonies/.
Lokhandwala, Z. (2022). Peasants’ Rights as New Human Rights: Promises and Concerns for Agrobiodiversity Conservation. Asian Journal of International Law, 12(1), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2044251322000042
Maziya, M., Nkonki-Mandleni, B., Mbizana, N., & Tirivanhu, P. (2024). The Perceived Impact of Climate Change on the Livelihoods of Smallholder Farmers in Kwazulu-Natal Province, South Africa. Sustainability (Switzerland) , 16(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su16073013
Murniati, K., & Mutolib, A. (2020). The impact of climate change on the household food security of upland rice farmers in Sidomulyo, Lampung Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 21(8). https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d210809
Novrika. (2019). Perbandingan Putusan Pengadilan Negeri Pelalawan Nomor 19.Pid.Sus.Lh/2016/Pn.Plw Dan Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2284 K/Pid.Sus.Lh/2016 Tentang Tanggung Jawab Pidana Ir. Frans Katihokang Bin Ruben Katihokang Sebagai Manager Operasional Yang Mengakibatkan Kerusakan Lingkungan Hidup. Panji Keadilan, 2(2), 264–281.
Nugroho, A. (2020). Olah lahan gambut tanpa bakar, tekan laju kebakaran hutan dan lahan. Https://Www.Ekuatorial.Com/2020/10/Olah-Lahan-Gambut-Tanpa-Bakar-Tekan-Laju-Kebakaran-Hutan-Lahan/.
Nunez, D. G. (2014). Peasants’ Right to Land: Addressing the Existing Implementation and Normative Gaps in International Human Rights Law. Human Rights Law Review, 14(4), 589–609. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngu027
Nurhidayah, L., Astuti, R., Hidayat, H., & Siburian, R. (2023). Community-Based Fire Management and Peatland Restoration in Indonesia (pp. 135–150). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15904-6_8
Osaki, M., Nursyamsi, D., Noor, M., Wahyunto, & Segah, H. (2016). Peatland in Indonesia. In Tropical Peatland Ecosystems (pp. 49–58). Springer Japan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55681-7_3
Page, S. E., & Hooijer, A. (2016). In the line of fire: the peatlands of Southeast Asia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 371(1696), 20150176. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0176
Pagnani, T., Gotor, E., & Caracciolo, F. (2020). Adaptive Strategies Enhance Smallholders’ Livelihood Resilience in Bihar, India. Food Security. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01110-2
Purnamasari, D. M. (2019). Banyak Kriminalisasi Masyarakat Adat dengan Tuduhan Pembakaran Hutan. . Https://Nasional.Kompas.Com/Read/2019/12/09/16081631/Banyak-Kriminalisasi-Masyarakat-Adat-Dengan-Tuduhan-Pembakaran-Hutan?Page=all.
Rondhi, M., Fatikhul Khasan, A., Mori, Y., & Kondo, T. (2019). Assessing the Role of the Perceived Impact of Climate Change on National Adaptation Policy: The Case of Rice Farming in Indonesia. Land, 8(5), 81. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8050081
Roy, A., Kumar, S., & Rahaman, M. (2024). Exploring climate change impacts on rural livelihoods and adaptation strategies: Reflections from marginalized communities in India. Environmental Development, 49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envdev.2023.100937
Schaaf, M., Falcão, J., E, F., Kitchell, E., Gomes, N., & Freedman, L. P. (2020). ‘We All Have the Same Right to Have Health Services’: A Case Study of Namati’s Legal Empowerment Program in Mozambique. BMC Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09190-7
Serikat Petani Indonesia (SPI). (n.d.). Sejarah Kelahiran Deklarasi Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa tentang Hak Asasi Petani dan Orang-orang yang bekerja di pedesaan: Perjuangan Serikat Petani Indonesia dalam Mendorong Perumusan Hak Asasi Petani dari Tingkat Lokal sampai Globa.
Syahza, A., Suswondo, Bakce, D., Nasrul, B., Wawan, & Irianti, M. (2020). Peatland Policy and Management Strategy to Support Sustainable Development in Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1655(1), 012151. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1655/1/012151
Thakur, S. B., & Bajagain, A. (2019). Impacts of Climate Change on Livelihood and its Adaptation Needs. Journal of Agriculture and Environment, 20, 173–185. https://doi.org/10.3126/aej.v20i0.25067
Thornton, P. K., Ericksen, P. J., Herrero, M., & Challinor, A. J. (2014). Climate variability and vulnerability to climate change: a review. Global Change Biology, 20(11), 3313–3328. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12581
Tsumbu, J. (2024). Assessing the Economic Viability of Climate-Resilient Crop Varieties for Smallholder Farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal Dimensie Management and Public Sector, 5(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.48173/jdmps.v5i1.173
Tualle, M. D., Mujetahid, A., Dassir, M., Sirimorok, N., Muhammad, A. K., Muin, A. V. F., & Prasetyo, A. D. (2023). Living through crises due to successive commodity booms and busts: Investigating the changing peasants’ farming style in rural Indonesia. Forest and Society, 7(1), 95–115. https://doi.org/10.24259/fs.v7i1.21545
Uda, S. K., Hein, L., & Sumarga, E. (2017). Towards sustainable management of Indonesian tropical peatlands. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 25(6), 683–701. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-017-9544-0
Vandenbogaerde, A. (2015). Localizing the Human Rights Council: A Case Study of the Declaration on the Rights of Peasants. Journal of Human Rights. https://doi.org/10.1080/14754835.2015.1123088
Wirya, A., Larasati, A., Gruskin, S., & Ferguson, L. (2020). Expanding the Role of Paralegals: Supporting Realization of the Right to Health for Vulnerable Communities. BMC International Health and Human Rights. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-020-00226-y
World Bank. (2016). The Cost of Fire: An Economic Analysis of Indonseia’s 2016 Fire Crisis. The Word Bank.
Zakaria, M. (2017). Penegakan Hukum Pidana terhadap Pelaku Pembakaran Hutan dan Lahan di Provinsi Riau. Universitas Islam Indonesia.
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